The Internet and the music industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Internet and the music business - Essay Example Copyright is one of the classifications of licensed innovation that guarantees restrictive rights to the maker of a specific bit of work which can be a distribution, a circulation or an adjustment for a specific timeframe in planning to the passage of the said work in the open area. It alludes to manifestations of the psyche that can be inventive, logical, imaginative or scholarly in structure which is a unique thought of the maker (World Intellectual Property Organization, 2009b). One of the most significant types of media secured by the copyright law is the music which can be as melodic sytheses and sound accounts. The examination embraced focuses on the introduction of the various issues, issues and contentions that can damage the copyright law. There are various ways that can abuse the copyright law according to music. One is theft and the other is the precluded sharing through the web. The primary objective of the exploration is the theft of music through the web. Web, being a s pecialist of information sharing and perceived as data expressway can be considered to outperform the restrictions of the laws that covers different zones explicitly as far as copyright. This can be credited to the way that the said mechanical headway can't be obstructed by separation or regional outlines (Lehman, 1995; Silverthorne, 2004).

Mobile Application to Conduct Business

Question: Talk about the Mobile Application to Conduct Business. Answer: Presentation As of now World without advancements is difficult to envision and the utilization of use is developing quick. Business now a days are running on versatile application. It is difficult to direct tremendous organizations by versatile application. There are numerous advantages with respect to the utilization of versatile application in running of business. Portable application is utilized for private companies. Huge organizations is hard to oversee by portable applications model Wal-Mart and Bank of America however for little firms or business it is anything but difficult to have the detail on versatile, for example, excellence spa and café in light of the fact that independent company can be worked effectively utilizing portable application(Haselmayr,2014). Portable application diagram Portable application is set of projects which run on cell phones (Salz Moranz, 2013, 14). It is quickest developing in worldwide correspondence now a days portable applications are utilized in business. Utilization of uses advantage organizations and give advancement. As of now there are such huge numbers of organizations which run on utilizing applications (Islam,72). At the point when examination done almost 40,402 application were made for business including cafés, for example, greens, lodgings (Gazdecki, 2016). Interest for versatile application is becoming yet at the same time there are such a large number of associations which don't locate the pressing utilize portable application in their business. Numerous business people are ignorance about the advantage of portable application. Bit of leeway of utilizing versatile application for business There are such a significant number of bit of leeway of utilizing portable application in business few are recorded underneath It gives more an incentive to client having versatile application will furnish more connection with client and items. The client can lead entire business on at the tip of their finger even the client can have advantage from the application. Solid brand-on portable application a business person would make extremely solid brand Interface better with clients just as associate moment having business on versatile will cause the client to associate with client extremely simple and quick. Moment cooperation should be possible Give data of new items and offers-The detail data about items is effectively accessible on versatile if the client has the application. Make mindfulness about the item to client entire detail is given about the item on the application which is anything but difficult to abundance. Clients get data by message, email and detail of the item. Business on portable application give attention to clients. It is advantageous for the two clients and for the business visionaries ( Velji, 2016). End Versatile application has greatest development in business yet at the same time there are numerous organizations and organizations which are uninformed about the utilization of portable application. Having application would in the long run make business run easily. Versatile application give appropriate conduction of business and the development of business will occur however it is just for the independent company enormous one can't be directed on portable. Utilization of having portable application for business is that appropriate insight concerning the item and the area the business can be given. The client having issue can legitimately interface with proprietor of the business. There is most extreme utilization of versatile applications in B to B showcase. Reference Islam, Md. Mazumder, T. Global diary of designing innovation IJET-IJENS. Versatile application and its worldwide effect. 10 ( 06). Swamp, C. (June 2015). Research 2015 Enterprise portable application report, Retrieved on 16 December 2016 Form forms.kony.com/rs/656-WNA-141/picture/kony-Enterprise-Mobile-App-Report.pdf Velji,J. ( 2016). Portable App. 4 different ways your business can profit by having a portable application. Recovered on 16 December 2016. From https://buildfire.com/way-business-advantage having-versatile application/ Gazdecki, A.(2016). 2016 is the year independent companies must create portable application. Recovered on 20 December 2016. From https://smallbiztrends.com/2016/03/2016-year-independent ventures must-create versatile apps.html Salz, A.P Moranz, J(2013) The everything manual for portable applications. Business Economics. 14. Haselmayr, M.(2014) here why your business needs its own versatile application.

Is Participation In Development Still A Tyranny

Is Participation In Development Still A Tyranny In the course of recent years Participation has become improvement universality in both hypothesis and practice (Cornwall 2003: 1325). The essential point of participatory turn of events (PD) is to expand the contribution of socially and monetarily minimized people groups in dynamic over their own lives (Guijt, 1998: 1). PD approaches guarantee to engage nearby networks and perceives rustic poor themselves as the essential operators of progress with the ability to change their lives (ESCAP, 2009). As of late, notwithstanding, there have been an expanding number of reactions from arrangement producers, professionals and scholastics with respect to the generally applied participatory ways to deal with improvement. Numerous components of this methodology have been tested on the premise that participatory methodologies frequently neglected to accomplish significant social change, because of its powerlessness to connect with issues of intensity relations and fundamental legislative issues (Hickey and Mohan, 2005: 237). Questions have been raised with respect to the strategies for participatory turn of events and the effect of approaches on different parts of improvement, for example, network relations, power structures, social conditions, privileges of poor people, the job of grassroots common society associations in country advancement, and the idea of information (ESCAP, 2009). In this unique circumstance, significant productions have developed speaking to various perspectives and scrutinizes of the cooperation approach, one against: Participation: The New Tyranny? (Cooke, and Kothari, 2001), and another increasingly positive appraisal: Participation: From Tyranny To Transformation? Investigating New Approaches to Participation in Development (Hickey, and Mohan, 2004), which examines the different contentions. These works have created warmed discussions about the idea of support which some contend conveys inside it a natural oppressive potential for minimizing the individuals who are as of now less vocal, yet whom it looks to enable (Cooke and Kothari, 2001). Afterward, progressively hopeful distributions talk about, what should be possible around participatory turn of events and social change (Chambers, 2005b: 718). So as to address the current inquiry, this paper analyzes the present discussions on interest being developed. The exposition will consider a contextual investigation that utilizes participatory methodologies in their task. This intercession has been executed with changing degrees of progress. The case picked centers around a venture entitled the Rural Water Supply Management Program in Rajasthan, India, so as to outline a portion of the various impacts of applying this methodology. The paper is partitioned into four segments: The principal segment starts by examining the rise of interest being developed from both the chronicled and reasonable points of view. It at that point continues to the second area which investigations participatory advancement by and by. The length of the paper doesn't take into consideration an itemized conversation on the strategies for participatory methodologies, for example, participatory destitution evaluation, fast country examination and participatory provincial evaluation (PPA/RRA/PRA). Thusly, this segment will just give a concise diagram of these methodologies and their utilization being developed tasks. In the third area follows a conversation on what is implied by the oppression of participatory turn of events. The fourth, closing area looks to draw a few exercises from the conversation and examination of the contextual analysis and gives a trace of what the writing recommends might be coming up for participatory advancement later on. 1. Rise of Participation in Development: First let us consider how investment being developed has risen and what are a portion of the argumentative translations of this idea. The rise of the participatory improvement is integrated with evaluates of both hypothesis and practice (Mohan, 2002: 50). In the late 1950s, the term support or participatory was authored without precedent for the field of improvement (Rahnema, 1992: 117). The beginning of participatory advancement is connected to pioneer times and the mission to carry innovation from the west to the then creating nations. Along these lines, there was an expanding pattern to compare advancement with current western information and practices by methods for a top-down way to deal with nations in the south (Schuurman, 1993: 187-191). Investigating this pattern, social activists and field laborers saw that exclusion of the individuals worried in an advancement venture from its origin to the usage stage prompted restricted advantages of the improvement adventure (Rahnema, 1992:117). This top-down methodology conveyed Eurocentric and positivists thoughts which weakened recipients (Escobar, 1995; Peet and Watts, 1996: 20-25; Chambers, 1997; refered to in Mohan, 2002: 50). This worry was brought up in the 1970s, by Paulo Freire, a Brazilian instructor, who contended that improvement ought not be the benefit of somewhere in the range of hardly any people, yet the privilege of everybody (Freire, 2003: 88). He advanced participatory improvement draws near, as opposed to top-down practices, by contending I can't think for other people or without others, nor others can think for me (Freire, 2003: 108). In his Pedagogy of Oppressed Freire underscored information making of the minimized by expanding their mindfulness about t heir privileges and setting up systems of solidarity to support exchange which would empower individuals to communicate their necessities and give them a feeling of responsibility for ventures. A comparative view was resounded by Robert Chambers who tested the different inclinations of advancement polices and mediations that make the poor imperceptible by recognizing uppers, for example the ground-breaking experts and brings down, for example the weak recipients (Chambers, 1983; 1997: 2005a; Williams, 2004: 560). He contended that this [top-down approach] infers uppers engaging brings down between all levels. To do this, they should separately surrender degrees of control themselves (Chambers, 2005a: 72). Consequently, for Chambers, participatory advancement is another worldview, which will prompt strengthening of the recipients, and a move from various leveled top-down improvement ventures. He advocates open force structures which will bring individual and institutional change (Williams, 2004: 560). Subsequently, support of neighborhood networks was worried to end the top-down methodology being developed activities and interest turned out to be broadly polished. 1.1 Participatory Approaches: There are a heap of techniques for leading participatory advancement by and by. Be that as it may, the most broadly utilized technique is Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). Different methodologies incorporate Participatory destitution evaluations (PPA) and Rapid country examination (RRA). The PRA approach depends on accomplishing change and an inversion of jobs, practices and connections. However, this might be done by outer advancement experts, their job is constrained to encouraging the center gathering, by tuning in to them and imparting techniques to the nearby individuals to assist them with thinking about their on own insight. The untouchables don't move innovation. The quality of the PRA strategy lies in understanding the nearby needs; giving neighborhood thoughts; extricating, creating and contributing nearby assets; and producing advancement thoughts (Chambers, 1997: 103, 2005a:87, additionally refered to in Mohan, 2003: 52). PRA gathers and records information on neighbor hood customs and practices for a predefined advancement issue, though the RRA approach is utilized by outside specialists to plan, and focus on the improvement of a given mediation. At last, PPA, impacts approaches at the large scale level comparable to neediness decrease advancement ventures (refered to in ESCAP, 2009: 13; for unique see Norton et al., 2001). Along these lines, PRA is viewed as the more significant way to deal with advance strengthening. The participatory improvement strategy includes all partners who are influenced, by the strategies, choices, and activities of the framework. This may incorporate people, gatherings, networks, nearby government organizations, neighborhood and worldwide foundations, self improvement gatherings (Chambers, 2005a:87). This methodology is utilized by the World Bank, non-legislative associations, help offices and academicians, which for example have applied PRA for environmental change adjustment ventures. 2. Participatory Development in Practice: This area will analyze (the) participatory improvement by and by through contextual investigation. The point of this model is to delineate diverse part of support being developed and how it can prompt potential oppression. Contextual investigation: Rural Water Supply Organization in Rajasthan, India: This contextual investigation, which takes a gander at the Jal Bhagirathi Foundation (JBF) arranged in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, exhibits how Gender is dynamic and sexual orientation standards can be modified when matters as noteworthy as social cooperation are arranged and water the executives is incorporated (Berry, 2010:48). Social interest is related with sexual orientation in the direct of this non-legislative association in water gracefully the executives. India is the one of the biggest customer of water today. Water is viewed as a womens asset in enormous pieces of provincial India, as ladies have the obligation to get water for residential purposes 86 percent of the time (Bhatia, 2004; refered to in Berry, 2010:49). Ladies looking for water regularly need to travel significant distances, and here and there are defied with diminished water gracefully accessibility. This implies ladies investing more energy in putting away and forestalling sullying of water. This situation applies to rustic ladies in numerous districts. For instance, ladies in Nepalese towns are house bound with household duties in juxtaposition with men occupied with financial movement, which may place ladies in a circumstance where they are avoided from taking part in water the executives dynamic. Besides, an absence of power obstructs ladies from gathering water from the water siphons (Shah, 2006; Berry and Mollard, 2010: 49). The family unit shapes g

A Review of Oxidative Stress Brain Aging - Free Essay Example

A Review of Oxidative Stress Brain Aging The human brain is the main source of nerve function in the body. It is the epicentre of the nervous system and controls all of the main neural functions of the human body (Lewiset al, 1998, 479-483). When assessing brain function, there are many different areas that are addressed, but one main area of concern is the actual aging of the brain. As the brain ages, the functions that it performs are broken down and degraded. The nerves become slower and the motor functions are less precise. Short term and long term memory is negatively affected and the overall brain function is broken down. Many people attribute all of these detrimental effects to old age and poor health, when in reality oxidative stress and free radicals are the main causes of loss of brain function. Throughout this paper, actual brain function patterns will be examined, followed by some common reasons for brain function degradation. Then oxidative stress and its effects on the human brain will be looked at, along with a few of the common diseases and health problems that are associated with brain aging and loss of brain function. The Brain: an Overview The human brain is a mass of nerve tissue, synaptic gaps, and nerves (Lewis et al, 1998, 479-483). All of these parts work together to form what is known as the human brain. The brain is the main centre of nerve function in the body. The nervous system is controlled solely by the brain itself, which works as a kind of packaging centre for the messages that are delivered to each nerve cell by the body. However, the brain would not function properly if it were not for the job performed by each cell and its consequent parts. A cell is made up of the nerve cell itself, the synapse, and dendrite. Each dendrite is connected to the next dendrite by a small opening that allows the passage of chemicals such as Potassium and in order for proper neural functioning. The chemicals move along the dendritic pathway and form a gradient at the synaptic gap. The gradient then allows the chemical to trickle across the gap, which then causes the nerve to deliver its message (usually a message fo r a muscle to contract). If a gradient does not exist, then the message is not sent and the function is not performed properly. If a problem arises in the nervous system then it is usually due to the fact that the chemical gradient is incorrect at a particular synaptic gap, creating either a muscle seizure or some other undesirable reaction. The main nerve cord of the body, known as the spinal column, is made up of layer upon layer of nerve cells. This mass of nerves serves as the pathway for all of the major neural messages of the body. It allows the chemical messages packaged by the brain to be transported to various parts of the body, and vice versa. All of the neural messages of the human body are delivered in a matter of seconds, that is why it does not seem as if there is along delay in between a particular stimuli and the consequent reaction. Branching out from the spinal cord itself are the various nervous pathways of the body. There are nerves that stretch all of t he way to the fingertips and toes, but they all return to the spinal cord to deliver various stimulus messages. Each of the various nervous pathways is also made up of layers of nerve cells. All of the nerve cells of the body work together to form messages that are interpreted by the brain. The brain is able to decide what priority is needed to be appropriately assigned to each task and then takes action to perform those actions. Brain Function There are basically three main functions of the brain: memory, interpretation of data, and motor function control. Not only is the brain a packaging and interpretation centre for the neural messages of the human body, but it is also a storage bank for information. The brain stores information from everyday life using chemical reactions in the cerebrum to create memories. This information is then available for the rest of the brains life, regardless of whether a person can actually pull the information up to examine it. The brain serves its main purpose of data interpretation by deciphering the messages and stimulus information that the human body encounters every day. Each and every piece of information that the body comes into contact with is sent through the brain to either store the information, cause a reaction to a stimulus, or to disregard it. This interpretation process is very exact, yet extremely fast. The entire process seems instantaneous, from the introduction of the information all the way to the interpretation results/stimuli reaction. Finally, the brain controls all of the muscles of the body and consequently all motor control of the human body. Every movement, be it voluntary or involuntary is controlled by the brain. Each function of the muscles is perfectly coordinated and timed so that the abducting muscles work perfectly with the adducting muscles to produce useful movement. The brain coordinates each twitch of any muscle in the entire musculature system so that no energy is wasted in useless movement. Because the body is constantly in a delicate balance, it is necessary for the brain to be even more precise than the worlds most sophisticated computer when dealing with the bodys homeostasis. The body has many involuntary muscle movements that are necessary for life, but need not be thought about to be performed each time. A couple of these movements are such things as the contraction and expansion of the diaphragm in the stomach to allow respiration and the beating of the heart. However, other muscles and functions are also controlled by the brain, such as the movement in walking, swimming, or running. The contraction of the bladder and other voluntary, yet unthought of muscle contractions are also controlled by the brain. Stressors of the Brain In every cell of the body, there are what are known as redox reactions (OXIS Research, 2003, 2). Basically, a redox reaction is an oxidation-reduction chemical reaction in which one compound is oxidized (loses electrons) and another compound is reduced (gains electrons) (Zumdahl, 1991,216-220). Redox reactions are essential for survival and for the proper function of various organ systems in the body. While redox reactions may be essential for survival, they can produce what are known as free radicals (OXIS Research, 2003, 2). A free radical is defined as any type of chemical existence that can stand alone and survive on its own without the need for any other chemicals to continue the life of the chemical (OXIS Research, 2003, 2). Free radicals contain unpaired electrons, which make the chemical very unstable (OXIS Research, 2003, 2). The unpaired electrons tend to try to pair with any other free electrons to achieve a stable outer electron ring (usually eight electrons). T herefore, the unstable free radicals are always trying to pair up with any and all organic chemicals that they come into contact with. Free radicals can be increased in the body by exercise and environmental stresses. They tend to be stored in the fat cells of the body and are released when fat is burned. The free radicals are then spread all throughout the body where they can then react with other organic substrates (OXIS Research, 2003, 1). These organic substrates include DNA and various proteins as well (OXIS Research, 2003, 1). The oxidation of these molecules can damage them and cause a great number of diseases (OXIS Research, 2003, 1). There are several different organ systems that are predisposed to free radical damage. These organ systems include the circulatory system, the pulmonary system, the eye, the reproductive system, and the brain (OXIS Research, 2003, 2). While it is true that every organ system could be examined and an oxidative stress Achilles heel could be found, the brain is especially susceptible to free radical damage (OXIS Research, 2003,2). Oxidative stress is a term that is used when dealing with a build up of ROS chemicals (OXIS Research, 2003, 2). ROS stands for Reactive Oxygen Species and refers to many chemical oxygen derivatives (OXIS Research, 2003, 2). The build up of these chemicals can cause an imbalance of oxidant activity in the system (i.e. the brain) and can lead to several negative health effects including premature aging of the system and any number of diseases (OXIS Research, 2003, 2). The oxidative reactions that take place in the body and especially the brain are regulated by a system known as the Antioxidant Defence System, or ADS for short (OXIS Research, 2003, 2). This system is a conglomerate of many different approaches to keeping free radical production and collection to a minimum in the body. The ADS contains antioxidant chemicals as well as a number of enzymes that can not only limit and con trol the overall production of oxidative reactions, but actually target damaged molecules for the purpose of replacement or repair (OXIS Research, 2003, 2).The actual antioxidants are either internally synthesized or are ingested by the organism via various fruits, vegetables, and grains (OXIS Research, 2003,2). Antioxidants are categorized into two different categories: Scavenger oxidants and prevention antioxidants (OXIS Research, 2003, 2). Scavenger antioxidants remove the ROS molecules from the body and include both small antioxidants (Vitamin C and glutamine) and large antioxidants that need to be synthesized by cells in the body before they can be used to protect the organ systems (OXIS Research, 2003, 2). Prevention antioxidants such as ferritin and myoglobin are designed to prevent the formation of new oxidants and free radicals (OXIS Research, 2003, 2). They work by binding to the various free radicals to protect the proteins that are essential in the organ system (O XIS Research, 2003, 2). This group includes such chemicals as metallothionine, albumin, and transferrin (OXIS Research, 2003, 2). It is obvious that free radicals are at least a necessary evil in the body when it comes to the completion of certain processes. In order for proper functioning of the various life systems of the human body, it is necessary to have the by products of the processes (generally free radicals)present in the system. However, this does not mean that free radicals are safe or needed. Most of the time the bodys systems of removal (ADS, etc.) will take care of the overabundance of free radicals, however at times it is possible for even the ADS system to be overpowered by a great influx of free radicals. This phenomenon can be due to the production of energy by mitochondria or some other natural process, but in most cases this large influx of free radicals is caused either by environmental stresses or from being near various industrial processes. It is a g reat concern of researchers today that there are more free radicals being released into the environment by industrialactivities and other forms of pollution. These free radicals are easily bound to various food products that are produced by humans and have a detrimental health effect on both animals and humans. If more free radicals are present in the environment than in past historical records, there is a high risk of ingesting enough oxidants to produce an imbalance of free radicals that could lead to the ADS system not being able to handle the extra oxidant load. This would then result in a large epidemic of environmentally caused free radical damage and disease. Degradation and the Effects on Brain Function Due to the importance of the brain function to the body, it can be seen why it is imperative that the brain be kept in good working order so to speak. If the brain is allowed to degrade to the point that motor functions and memory is affected, then there could be long term health effects that can cause more problems than just brain functioning. If the brain is allowed to degrade to a point at which everyday muscular functions and other physiological functions begin to become harder to perform then there is a possibility that other more serious side effects could be on the horizon. Certain diseases are caused by brain degradation or are causation factors in brain aging and degradation itself. One such disease is Alzheimers Disease. Alzheimers disease is a brain disorder that has many symptoms and causes the loss of memory, the ability to learn, and the ability to carry out everyday activities. Towards the end of the disease progression, Alzheimers can cause personality chang es and even cause hallucinations and paranoia (Alzheimers Association, 2005, 2). Alzheimers is a form of dementia: a category of diseases that cause the systematic destruction of brain cells and lead to a decline in brain function and quality (Alzheimers Association, 2005, 2). It has many stages and eventually leads to the complete breakdown of the brain to the point of death (Alzheimers Association, 2005,2). A person who has a dementia disease will eventually need full-time care because of the loss of a large portion of the brain function (Alzheimers Association, 2005, 2). While Alzheimers and dementia are not the only neural disorders that have a progressive effect on brain function, they are two of the main problems that are faced in countries such as the United States and England. Researchers have not yet identified a known cause of Alzheimers disease, however the field has progressed great strides in the past few years. As of right now, the disease is linked to a genetic predisposition to the disease and generally bad aging habits (Alzheimers Association, 2005, 2). But there is still some value to the school of thought adopted by a few doctors that believe that diseases like Alzheimers, dementia, and Parkinsons disease are all due to not only genetic factors but also to environmental stresses which would include the introduction of free radicals into the body. Free radicals can cause great disruption in the brain function mainly because the neurotransmitters and neurons that are present in the brain are very delicate and can be destroyed easily. The free radicals can bind to the various proteins that are used to transmit messages and perform repairs in the brain tissues, preventing them from performing their duties and causing a weakened brain state. Proteins are themselves very specific concerning binding properties and will only function correctly if they bind with the correct substrate (Staines et al, 1993, 130). Therefore, if the active s ite of the protein is disrupted by a free radical, then that protein is completely changed and will not perform as it was intended. Brain Aging: An uphill battle Many diseases are linked to free radicals and other types of oxidants, however another factor of brain function needs to be examined to get the entire picture concerning brain functions and memory. This factor is, of course, brain aging. It is what some call an unfortunate fact of life, but we all grow older. From the time of our birth all the way to our death, our body is in a constant state of degradation and repair (Ebbing and Gammon, 2002, 809). This is true for every part of the body including the brain and carries great consequences for overall brain function and health. The brain is a delicate organ that stores the information that runs the rest of the bodys functions. If it is allowed to age past a certain point and it is not in good health, then it is possible for bodily functions and memory to be detrimentally affected. As the brain ages, it becomes slightly more sluggish and tends to lose its edge so to speak. Because of the complexity of the brain itself, aging te nds to have a harsh effect on its ability to function correctly. A major factor in the development of diseases such as dementia and other neural system diseases is often the aging of the brain. The older the brain is, the less it functions correctly. As of now, there is not a particular treatment or cure for dementia. The best that we can do is to simply make the patient comfortable and to try to make their lives as easy as possible when dealing with everyday life functions. It is the hope of researchers of brain aging that by forging new paths in the field of neural aging, that a cure will be found for such diseases as dementia and Alzheimers. For years it has been common practice to believe that brain and neural diseases were caused either by environmental stresses or from brain aging. Today, however the tide is swaying more towards the middle than to either extreme. Researchers are starting to realize that the environment as well as brain aging could be factors in the de velopment of certain diseases and disorders. Not only can both environmental factors and the age of the brain itself work together to cause stress on the brain, but some environmental factors can actually cause the brain to age prematurely as well. This premature aging is actually a worse form of aging than the actual aging process of the human body itself. Premature aging means that the brain is aging faster than it would naturally; in other words a brain that is supposed to only be five years old would look and function as if it were ten years old or older. The implications of this type of aging process are obvious. As the brain ages, neurons and neurotransmitters die and do not function as well as when the brain was younger, leading to memory loss and slower reaction time. Brain aging is caused by many factors including environmental factors, industrial processes, and of course the passage of time. Two of these factors can be regulated: environmental factors and industri al processes. By regulating certain chemicals and industrial processes, it is possible to cut down on the amount of premature aging that occurs in the brain (Sharon, 1998,167). Certain industrial processes such as the metallurgic processes used in alloy formation as well as welding are known causes of brain degradation and causation factors in such diseases as Parkinsons and manganism (Landis and Yu,1999, 213-217). Certain chemicals that are present in these various processes are able to penetrate through the blood brain barrier and contact the brain tissue directly. This can lead to tumours and neuron death that then causes cognitive problems as well as body function problems. The only good way to prevent such contamination is to completely negate contact with these chemicals at all. Researchers know this and that is why environmental laws are being put into place that allow for the prevention of release of these chemicals. Aging of the brain occurs whether or not there ar e external environmental stressors present in the persons surroundings. It occurs throughout the entire lifespan of the organism. Earlier in history it was believed that the aging of the brain caused the degradation of neurons no matter the circumstances, however it is the common belief today that as long as a few guidelines concerning lifestyle choices are followed, it is possible for the neurons of the brain to stay completely healthy and fully functional all the way until death. Brain aging is defined as the breakdown of the brain itself. The grooves in the brain tissue will grow wider and the actual weight of the brain material will decrease dramatically. New studies are showing that the plaques and neural tangles that were previously believed to have been the culprits of Alzheimers disease may actually not be the main disease causing factors after all (Brady et al, 2000, 864). It is a growing school of thought that the actual cause of dementia type diseases is actually re sult of complex chemical reactions in the brain (Brady et al, 2000, 864). This information is very important to neural researchers because it can completely change the focus of their research and hopefully eventually lead to a cure for dementia and other diseases of this type. Conclusions It is apparent that the aging of the brain is a major concern, especially to researchers studying the effects of specific kinds of neural diseases. It is believed that these diseases could have a myriad of causes, but brain aging may be a contributing factor in several or all of them. The overall aging of the brain is coming to the forefront of modern medicine because not much is known about it. It is becoming evident that what was thought to be facts concerning brain aging before was little more than just educated guesses. Now however, the technology is available that will allow the actual study of the brain and its functions to try to give a better picture of the breakdown of the organ. Once a specific timeline is established that shows the breakdown of a healthy brain, it will be possible to quantitatively measure the degradation of a diseased brain. While this may not seem very important, it is actually very useful information. This information can be used to explain to p atients what they should expect to experience at specific time periods of their disease and could help prepare them for what is to come. Brain aging information can also be of use to the doctors that are administering treatment, in as much that it would allow the doctor to determine at what stage the aging was in, and therefore what type of treatment to administer. Oxidative brain stress is a completely different matter than brain aging as far as research is concerned. While it is true that more is known about free radicals and their effects on the brain than the aging process, it is important to understand why research of this kind needs to be continued. The world is constantly changing and the chemicals and different kinds of pollutants that are released are in a continuous state of advancement. Because of this it is necessary to continually be studying the physiological and biological effects of each new chemical that is developed and put onto the market. By performing this kind of research early on in the development process, it is possible to determine if there are any harmful effects of using the new chemicals. The early research performed as a preliminary study could lead to less disease and fewer health problems later on. Overall, oxidative stress along with brain aging is newly emerging field that has the job of trying to answer age old questions that are concerned with brain and neural health. It is important to continue research in both of these areas so that advancements in modern medicine can be pursued. Society owes a great debt to the researchers who have and will spend their entire lives studying the effects of brain aging and oxidative stress on the functioning of the brain. Hopefully in the near future there will be great advancements made in the field of neural medicine to allow for better and more effective treatment of certain nervous system diseases.